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Known as the major capital providers in Belt and Road countries and the largest carbon emitter in the world, what role China's outward direct investment (ODI) plays in carbon neutralization has become a matter of concern. This study aims to measure the impact of China's ODI on the carbon emissions of Belt and Road countries.

Based on an econometric model and an inter-regional input–output model, a new model measuring the carbon emission effects of ODI is developed.

The empirical results show that (1) in general, China's ODI generates an emission-reduction effect in Belt and Road countries; (2) The relationship between the emission-reduction effect and income level of host countries shows an approximate inverted U-shaped trend; and (3) China's ODI generates stronger emission-reduction effects on capital-intensive industries.

This study quantitatively measures the scale of carbon emission-increase and reduction effect, which is relatively lacking in previous studies. This study explores the heterogeneity from the perspectives of regions, countries and industries. The authors have compiled an inter-regional input–output table for the Belt and Road countries for 2014 to provide a broad basis for the study of related issues.

Distance is the core concept in tourism. However, previous studies focused on single distance dimensions and generated contradictory findings due to omitted variable biases. This paper aims to introduce the well-established CAGE (cultural, administrative, geographical, and economic) distance framework into international tourism research to measure the comprehensive distance and explore its impact on inbound tourist satisfaction.

The comprehensive distance was calculated based on the Mahalanobis formula. Combining tourist review data from TripAdvisor, this study used ordinary least square regressions to explore the influence of the comprehensive distance on inbound tourist satisfaction and the mediating role of inbound tourist emotion.

Results show that CAGE distance effectively describes the dynamic change in distance. The comprehensive distance also positively impacts tourist satisfaction, and tourist emotion plays a mediating role in this impact.

This paper advances knowledge about distance in international tourism by introducing the CAGE distance framework and addresses the contradictory findings with specific distance dimensions by the comprehensive distance.

距离是旅游的核心概念。然而, 以前的研究集中在单一的距离维度上, 并且由于遗漏变量偏差而产生了相互矛盾的结果。 本文旨在将成熟的 CAGE 距离框架引入国际旅游研究中, 以衡量综合距离并探讨其对入境游客满意度的影响。

综合距离根据马氏距离公式计算。 结合TripAdvisor网站的游客评论数据, 采用普通最小二乘（OLS）回归分析综合距离对入境游客满意度的影响以及入境游客情绪的中介作用。

结果表明, CAGE距离有效地描述了距离的动态变化。 综合距离也正向影响游客满意度, 游客情绪在此影响中起中介作用。

本文通过引入 CAGE 距离框架来提升国际旅游中的距离知识。 本研究还通过综合距离解决了特定距离维度的矛盾发现。

La distancia es el concepto central en el turismo. Sin embargo, estudios previos se han centrado en dimensiones de una sola distancia, generando resultados contradictorios debido a los sesgos por la omisión de variables. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo introducir el marco de distancia CAGE, establecido en la investigación turística internacional, con la intención de medir la distancia integral y explorar su impacto en la satisfacción del turista receptor.

La distancia integral se calculó con base en la fórmula de Mahalanobis. Combinando los datos de reseñas turísticas de TripAdvisor, se utilizaron regresiones de mínimos cuadrados ordinarios (OLS) para explorar la influencia de la distancia integral en la satisfacción del turista receptor y el papel mediador de la emoción del turista receptor.

Los resultados muestran que el modelo CAGE describe el cambio dinámico en la distancia de una forma efectiva. La distancia integral también impacta positivamente en la satisfacción del turista, y la emoción del turista juega un papel mediador en este impacto.

Este documento avanza en el conocimiento sobre la distancia en el turismo internacional mediante la introducción del marco de distancia CAGE. Además, aborda resultados contradictorios con las dimensiones de distancia específicas mediante la distancia integral.

Up-to-date, the simulation of pedestrian behavior is used to support the design and analysis of urban infrastructure and public facilities. The purpose of this paper is to present a microscopic model that describes pedestrian behavior in a two-dimensional space. It is based on multi-agent systems and cellular automata theory. The concept of layered-intelligent terrain from the video game industry is reused and concepts such as tracing, evasion and rejection effects related to pedestrian interactive behavior are involved. In a simulation scenario, an agent represents a pedestrian with homogeneous physical characteristics such as walking speed and height. The agents are moved through a discrete space formed by a lattice of hexagonal cells, where each one can contain up to one agent at the same time. The model was validated by using a test that is composed of 17 real data sets of pedestrian unidirectional flow. Each data set has been extracted from laboratory-controlled scenarios carried out with up to 400 people walking through a corridor whose configuration changed in form of the amplitude of its entrance doors and the amplitude of its exit doors from one experiment to another. Moreover, each data set contained different groups of coordinates that compose pedestrian trajectories. The scenarios were replicated and simulated using the proposed model, obtaining 17 simulated data sets. In addition, a measurement methodology based on Voronoi diagrams was used to compute the velocity, density and specific flow of pedestrians to build a time-series graphic and a set of heat maps for each of the real and simulated data sets.

The approach consists of a multi-agent system and cellular automata theory. The obtained results were compared with other studies and a statistical analysis based on similarity measurement is presented.

A microscopic mobility model that describes pedestrian behavior in a two-dimensional space is presented. It is based on multi-agent systems and cellular automata theory. The concept of layered-intelligent terrain from the video game industry is reused and concepts such as tracing, evasion and rejection effects related to pedestrian interactive behavior are involved. On average, the simulated data sets are similar by 82 per cent in density and 62 per cent in velocity compared to the real data sets. It was observed that the relation between velocity and density from real scenarios could not be replicated.

The main limitations are presented in the speed simulations. Although the obtained results present a similar behavior to the reality, it is necessary to introduce more variables in the model to improve the precision and calibration. Other limitation is the dimension for simulating variables at this moment 2D is presented. So the resolution of cells, making that pedestrian to occupy many cells at the same time and the addition of three dimensions to the terrain will be a good challenge.

In total, 17 data sets were generated as a case study. They contain information related to speed, trajectories, initial and ending points. The data sets were used to calibrate the model and analyze the behavior of pedestrians. Geospatial data were used to simulate the public infrastructure in which pedestrians navigate, taking into account the initial and ending points.

The social impact is directly related to the behavior analysis of pedestrians to know tendencies, trajectories and other features that aid to improve the public facilities. The results could be used to generate policies oriented toward developing more consciousness in the public infrastructure development.

The general methodology is the main value of this work. Many approaches were used, designed and implemented for analyzing the pedestrians’ behavior. In addition, all the methods were implemented in plug-in for Quantum GIS. The analysis was described with heat maps and statistical approaches. In addition, the obtained results are focused on analyzing the density, speed and the relationship between these features.

This case study is designed to enable students to understand the reasons behind the launch of a beauty brand grounded on traditions and culture, understand the strategies adopted by Florasis to establish its presence in the C-beauty space and emerge successful, analyze the positioning of a C-beauty brand in a highly competitive beauty market, identify the issues and challenges faced by a C-beauty brand in its efforts to disrupt the C-beauty space and suggest strategies that Florasis can adopt to emerge as a market leader in the global beauty industry.

Set in 2021, the case study discusses about the emerging C-beauty brand Florasis innovative strategies to promote the brand. Florasis was founded in 2017 with a vision to become a century old national makeup brand of China. Florasis was successful in getting on board a story-telling experience that featured traditional Chinese culture, aesthetics and heritage. It sold cosmetic products with retro packaging, concepts derived from traditional Chinese style, promoting a sense of national pride and nostalgia. The case study highlights the innovative strategies Florasis adopted like influencer marketing through key opinion leaders and key opinion customers, celebrity endorsements, user co-creation programs, social content and network marketing, brand crossovers and collaborations, etc. In April 2021, Florasis became the No. 1 cosmetic company in China with a gross merchandise value of 218m yuan and further the total sales for second quarter of 2021 reached 830m yuan, endorsing its supremacy over other global and local beauty brands in China. However, with success came along a set of challenges. Some analysts pointed that the brand was slow in innovating its product line-up, it focused more on promotions and advertisements and the brand positioning with a single sales channel, the cost performance and quality of the products and excessive marketing campaigns targeting a niche segment. Going forward, what should Florasis do to conquer the global beauty space? Can Florasis aspire to become a digitally empowered global beauty brand? Has it got the momentum? Will its direct-to-consumer model and unprecedented marketing and promotion gimmicks, help it achieve the lead in the global beauty space?

This case study is suitable for students of the graduate and undergraduate programs in management.

Teaching notes are available for educators only.

CSS 8: Marketing.